Colonial Frontier Massacres
in Central and Eastern Australia 1788-1930

Timeline

The following estimates are provisional and will be adjusted as the project continues. Only sites for which there is good evidence are included. The estimates of the number of people massacred are conservative and include only those we can be reasonably sure were killed during the massacre or immediately afterwards. In some cases the actual deaths may have been many more. To understand how we have arrived at an estimated number killed in each massacre, please read the Introduction.

Australia includes at least 200 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander nations, represented on the AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia. Although their geographical borders remained unchanged during the period under review, those of the Australian colonies and administrative jurisdictions changed several times between 1788 and 1930. The changes had considerable impact on the way Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities were treated and in particular their experiences of frontier massacre.

When the First Fleet arrived at Sydney Cove in 1788, the British were pursuing the claim they made in 1770 to the entire eastern part of the Australian continent, then known as New Holland. The western boundary was marked by 135 degrees east of Greenwich which divided the entire continent in half. The northern and southern boundaries ranged from Cape York in the north to South Cape in the southern part of Van Diemen’s Land which was then believed to be part of the mainland. The entire region was named as New South Wales.

In 1800 Van Diemen’s Land was found to be a separate island and the British quickly established settlements in the northern and southern parts to forestall a possible French claim. In 1825, Van Diemen’s Land became a separate colony and in 1856 changed its name to Tasmania.

In 1826, the British established a settlement at King George Sound, now Albany and in 1828 took possession of the western part of the Australian continent in order prevent a possible French claim. A year later they established the Swan River Colony at present day Perth and in 1848 it became known as the Colony of Western Australia. Unlike the other Australian colonies, which achieved responsible government in the 1850s, Western Australia remained a Crown Colony until 1890 and joined the other Australian colonies in federation in 1901.

In 1828, the western boundary of New South Wales was extended to 129 degrees east and in 1835, the new Colony of South Australia was formed by excising territory from the south western boundary of New South Wales and the south eastern boundary of Western Australia. It achieved responsible government in 1856 and in 1861 gained jurisdiction over the Northern Territory which was then part of New South Wales only to relinquish it to the Commonwealth of Australia in 1911. Thus, as of 1788 the Northern Territory was under the jurisdiction of New South Wales 1788-1860; South Australia 1861-1911 and the Australian Commonwealth from 1912.

In 1836, the area of New South Wales south of the Murray River was proclaimed the Port Phillip District. It operated as a semi -autonomous jurisdiction until 1850 when it was formally separated from New South Wales and became the Colony of Victoria.

In 1859, the area north of the McIntyre and Dumaresq rivers and including the Torres Strait islands and the region east of present day Northern Territory were excised from New South Wales to form the Colony of Queensland.

In 1911, the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) was excised from New South Wales.

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